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KYTHERA presents the first positive data for ATX-101

KYTHERA Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. (KYTHERA) presented the first results of the third phase II clinical study with ATX-101, the first official fat-dissolving substance that is currently in development for the reduction of submental fat pad. The phase IIb study showed that ATX-101 was well tolerated and had a statistically significant effect on the reduction of submental fat pad.

Patricia S. Walker, KYTHERAs medical director, presented the first results of phase II clinical study occasion of the 9th annual South Beach Symposium ™ in Miami.

For the study 129 people were integrated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized dose-finding study. Implemented the treatments in 10 centers for dermatology and plastic surgery have been distributed throughout the United States. Study participants received monthly over a period of up to five months in one of two doses of ATX-101 (1 mg or 2 mg per square centimeter per square centimeter) or a placebo in the submental region. A clinical assessment of the situation was made before any treatment and four, or 12 weeks after the last treatment. An exact evaluation of the submental region by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed after pre-treatment, the fifth treatment and 12 weeks after the last treatment. In addition, the study participants had also a self-assessment using a questionnaire at the beginning, during and after the release treatment.

The data the trial showed that the regimen mg 2 per square centimeter was better in terms of the reduction of submental fat pad than when only 1 mg ATX was injected 101 per square centimeter, indicating a dose-dependent effect Close by ATX-101 can.

"The results of the study are very encouraging and demonstrate the potential of ATX-101 as an effective and well acceptable treatment plan for the aesthetic correction of small fat deposits, "said Joel Schlesinger, one of the attending physicians. "There is currently no FDA (Food and Drug Administration ) approved non-surgical method for reduction of localized fat deposits under the chin. ATX-101 could therefore be a breakthrough for patients who prefer a minimally invasive therapy for reduction of submental fat pad. "

The evaluation of the data was based on structured questionnaires, which treated both by physicians and by the Study participants were completed. In addition, the submental Region by MRI in fat content were examined.

"The results are very encouraging for us," said Patricia Walker. "We could show in three phase II studies an important and statistically significant reduction of submental fat pad. We are confident that our new data with the data from other Phase II studies will allow to take the next step in the direction phase III studies that we should then confirm definitively that ATX -101 both safe and effective. "

presented in the study was ATX-101 of the participants well tolerated. The most common side effect was mild swelling, pain, numbness, bruising and induration. Side effects were limited to the injection site and usually disappeared within the 28-day interval. Side effects that would have the rest of the body based, were not found.

addition to the results that have already been shown in Miami are, on the 35th Hawaii Dermatology Seminar ™ are presented by next March in Maui. Should also be taken together all the results and published in a journal.

About ATX-101

ATX-101 is the first official Drug that was developed exclusively for the reduction of small fat deposits. ATX-101 is based on a well-studied endogenous molecule with very specific properties, such as a high selectivity for fat cells and a rapid rate of degradation. The injection of ATX-101 is a minimally invasive procedure that requires little or no anesthesia and could still show clinically significant results. Clinical studies with ATX-101 have been able to confirm the expected results. Accordingly, ATX-101 is safe, well tolerated and effective. Three randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled phase II studies for reduction of submental fat and two phase I pharmacokinetic and histological studies have already been carried out successfully.

About submental fat (SMF)

The submental fat is a localized fat deposits that are located directly below the chin and jaw line. In the fast-growing market for minimally invasive, non-surgical facial rejuvenation is the reduction of submental fat pad to restore a straight jawline one of the greatest unsolved problems. In a recent multicenter study with more than 385 persons for treatment with botulinum toxin or a dermal filler had imagined could be found in 78% of the sample an excess submental fat. There are currently no drugs approved by any health authorities for the reduction of localized fat .

Source: swissestetix Blog

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Internet: secret societies promote eating disorders

It can be a hopeless and heart-wrenching situation for a family if she tries one of its members with the fact confronting an eating disorder. What they sense at a time like hardly is that the internet is a close-knit community that torpedoed all attempts at normalization of the disorder.

report communication researchers at the University of Cincinnati by an alarming new phenomenon that spreads within social groups on the Internet, support groups for eating disorders. This new form of negative social networks (the authors call them Online Negative Enabling Support Group [ONESG] ) primarily serve the purpose of its members hold to speak with the rod and against all attempts of the environment, to relieve them of their disease, to immunize.

Society members consider their condition, specifically those of anorexia, as an option rather than as a disease. The pro-anorexia ONESG Motion covers four major topics of the disease and used various communication strategies to anorexics to convince them to acknowledge their dangerous and harmful impulses, writes Stephen M. Haas, lead author of the study , in the journal New Media & Society has been released.

The four themes that focused the ONESG are

1) remain The anorexia movement loyal to Forums and blogs invite the members of a do on issues such as food, down loops (" binging ") and endurance training to discuss. There is also something like an "online confessional" where members can confess if they have eaten too much or not enough driven sport to meet the "guidelines" of the community.

2) support of strategies for self-contempt: The websites of the community encourage input, the contents reflect not only contempt for his own body, but should bring in addition also the writer to himself and his inner self to be regarded as worthless and weak. Negative of such communication is acknowledged by the other visitors to the site with positive reactions - a behavior which according to the authors of the study is found only in support groups for eating disorders. The embassies of the members of the other members approved expressly provided in any case in question. This is among the visitors to the site a common identity in the recognition of the common weaknesses and mistakes.

3) Pro-anorexia support: In most cases these forms support is to make the member of the Community assistance in regard to dietary issues and how to deal with outsiders who are trying to confront a member with his condition and to move away from the anorexia of . Move

4) encouraging anorexia: encouragement is the fourth communication strategy that the authors could make within this group . This can by sympathetic messages, which are designed to strengthen the sense of going over tips and tricks anorexic behavior to explicit defense strategies against the negative attitude of non-anorexics.

were in the statements of ONESG group determine the researchers a general ambivalence between self-loathing and Selbstaufmunterung. "When the ambivalence between self-loathing and Selbstaufmunterung to accept part of anorexia is an important strategy within the group because it reveals the inner turmoil in anorexics, "the authors write. is "anorectics cling relentlessly at the idea that achieving a certain weight loss could free them from their inner feelings of worthlessness and undesirability, but that the ways and means by which they could get this feeling of belonging stigmatized and labeled as undesirable. "The

researchers say that such secret social networks are by the anonymity of the Internet, in the extreme opinions on their space, to be strengthened. The exchange makes it possible to deal with potentially dangerous, negative behavior patterns and incorporate them into his own behavior, and new, for the members to create positive behavior patterns. Caring embassies prepare the ground for it by forming a strong sense of community.

The authors write that with the emergence of new social media means of communication, understanding the role of ONESGs more important. They add that the understanding of such communication strategies can help in an emergency to break the typical defensive behavior in potentially life-saving measures.

The researchers have collected their data on social networking sites and specific pro-anorexia sites, their access was public. The Web sites and blogs have been tracked and analyzed 2006-2007. The blog and Fourmsbeiträge came, as far as eruierbar, from women aged 13 26

Source: swissestetix Blog

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influence of BMI on the risk of death in Asia

A large study with over one million Asians showed that normal weight had a much lower overall risk of death than those whose Body Mass Index (BMI) either was too high or too low. A similar relationship was also for the relationship between BMI and risk of death from cancer, heart cardiovascular disease and other causes are found. This data support the Asian a recent American study , which had investigated almost 1.5 million people on these facts out.

The study , the largest Asian study this type was, by Wei Zheng, professor of cancer research at the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center in Nashville, Paolo Boffetta of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York and John D. Potter of the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson passed Cancer Research Center in Seattle. She is in the latest issue of the journal New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) published .

"All prior studies that examines the relationship between BMI and mortality risk have , are based primarily on data by Europeans or descendants of Europeans. Indeed at the moment is based valid definition of normal and overweight on the derived from these studies criteria, "Zhen said their motivation to study . "The validity of these criteria for the Asian population has provided yet be. A large majority of Asians are very slim, and the influence of a very low BMI on the risk of death has so far not been studied in this population. "

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than one billion people worldwide are overweight and at least 300 million are obese. From the fat white one for some time, that there is an active endocrine organ that can deliver a number of biologically active substances in the blood that contribute to the development of obesity-related diseases. Typically include adult-onset diabetes (type 2 diabetes), high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke and a number to cancer.

The study is part of the Asia Cohort Consortium investigation. This health reports and death information from more than 1.1 million individuals from East and South Asia have been sighted. In the group of East Asians, which include the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans, the lowest risk of death for people with a BMI of 06/22 to 05/27 was determined what would generally be defined as normal to slightly overweight.

distinguished general, the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans hardly different from similar groups in the world population. For those with a BMI 35 or more was the risk of death by a whopping 50% increased, so did not demonstrate in the Indian and Bangladeshi population. This could be an indication that a high BMI does not lead in all ethnic groups to the same consequences.

severely underweight in the Asian population was far worse than obesity. The mortality risk was increased by a factor of 2.8, when the BMI fell below the value 15. A BMI value of 15 also applies to Caucasians as extremely underweight, but not the same strong increase in the death-risk result.

"The most surprising finding was that obesity (obesity ) on the Indian subcontinent, not with a dramatic increase in risk of death, was connected, "said Potter. "This could be due to the fact that overweight or obese people have on the Indian subcontinent usually have a higher socio-economic status and thus can afford better medical care."

"Our findings show two different aspects of a rapidly evolving pattern ; was extreme body now widespread in Asia and we can see his important influence on the probability of death is still, "Boffetta said. "If we take the future into the eye, we find that in Asia, as elsewhere, prevention of obesity highest priority must be given. "

The authors conclude from their data that their study is another strong indication that obesity leads to an increase in death risk. In this aspect, at least in Asians and Caucasians but then seem to be not so different.

Association between Body-Mass Index and Risk of Death in More Than 1 Million Asians

Source: swissestetix Blog

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phones affect brain activity

If a cell phone during a call for a long time to the Ear has increased brain activity in regions that are closest to the antenna.

According to the investigation, which Nora Volkow and her colleagues from National Institute on Drug Abuse conducted have , increased glucose metabolism in orbitofrontal cortex and temporal significantly if a current mobile phone - was held to the ear compared to a mobile phone which was on display - though to put a sound. The results of the study were published in today's issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) .

"Although we are unable to determine the clinical relevance of our results may have, so we show the study quite clear that the human brain is sensitive to the effects of radio-magnetic fields of a current mobile phones," said Gene-Jack Wang, one of the co-authors of the study . And though the study provides no indication of what could be the long-term effects of such a mass change in brain activity, the results are after all, of the international research community is already considered as very important.

"There are obviously quite clearly an acute effect of radio waves and magnetic The important question now is whether this effect can be seen in any way connected with changes must be harmful to the brain or contribute to the development of future problems such as brain tumors could. Recent epidemiological studies indicate, inter alia, a cluster of brain tumors, "said Santosh Kesari, director of neuro-oncology at the University of California San Diego.

It was in the past repeatedly studies, the possible relationships between brain tumors and the use of cell phones have investigated . But so far the results have been contradictory and unconvincing.

only just was eagerly awaited by many Interphone study of the scientific community unanimously labeled as "not credible" because some of the statistical values on a significant protective effect of mobile phone use indicates. This was however not for the extreme-phone users (who had an increased risk for the development of a glioma), whose phone use, however, considered unrealistic and was not representative.

Few researchers have but examines the actual physiological effects of radio frequency waves and electromagnetic fields emitted by devices on the brain. Some have shown that blood flow is increased in certain brain regions, when the phone is in use. are works on the effect of mobile phones on the neuronal activity, however it is not practical.

Volkow and her colleagues have for this purpose, a study conducted had to lie down in the 47 patients with a phone to each ear for 50 minutes in a PET scanner . The researchers examined in the wake of the glucose metabolism of the brain once made with the mobile phone right but silently and once issued with both phones.

treats it with the metabolism of the entire brain, they could no difference recognize and flared between cell phone use. They investigated only the regions that were closest to the antenna, the orbitofrontal cortex and the temporal lobes, they found a significant difference in glucose metabolism, when the phone was made.

calculations could confirm that the regions in which the radio frequency and electromagnetic fields from mobile phone use were strongest, in fact identical to those that showed the greatest increase in glucose metabolism.

"Although the radio frequency waves emitted by mobile phones today are weak, they can apparently enable the brain to the extent that it leads to a measurable effect, "Volkow said in a JAMA Report Video.

The differences in neuronal activity could be to changes in neurotransmitter release, are the permeability of the cell membrane, the excitability of neurons or the calcium efflux from the cell due.

It was also considered whether the heat emanating from a current cell phone for the functional changes in the brain may be responsible. The researchers hold this theory but probably for less.

Wang noted that the impact of study are unclear: "There are other studies needed to determine if the effects we have observed that, have potentially long-term consequences could, "he said. A new study this is not yet planned.

"The take-home message," said Kesari, "is that we still know too little, that more studies are necessary and that the mobile phone user should try in the meantime, whenever it goes to the earphone use and reduce the use of cell phones as much as possible - should this even be possible. The use of mobile phones in children only conditionally admit is certainly not unreasonable in this situation. "

Source: could swissestetix Blog

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Burnout: Simple saliva and blood tests could diagnose

A simple blood and saliva test meet in the future to find out if someone is close to a burnout - so there is at least Dr. Sonia Lupien and Robert-Paul Juster see from Centre for Studies on Human Stress of Louis-H. Lafontaine Hospital and University of Montreal .

Burnout patients have to fight in general not only with professional and personal problems, but also physical and psychological risks, if his medical condition is not detected. This is an important fact, are in Europe and the United States at least 10 percent of the working population according to estimates by the International Labor Organization (International Labor Organization ) affected by burnout, depression or anxiety.

have "For our investigation we hypothesized that the apparently healthy workers, a chronic stress are exposed and show mild forms of burnout, worse physiological dysregulation, and lower cortisol levels have - a profile for Burnout would be typical, "said Robert Juster. cortisol is a stress hormone that plays an important role in the stress response of our body. Cortisol levels are typically in people who have depression , increased, while burnout patients typically have low cortisol levels. Too much cortisol as well as too little have serious physical and psychological consequences.

Chronic stress and not balanced cortisol levels may exert a kind of domino effect, when they occur simultaneously in a biological system. The whole thing is described by the term "allostatic load" . This American to neurobiologists Bruce McEwen declining term refers to the cumulative negative consequences of frequent stress reactions or "wear" of the body by repeated cycles of allostasis (short-term protective adaptive responses) and by the inefficient on and off the stress response. Possible long-term effects of allostatic load would be in this scheme, such as an increased risk for diabetes, heart cardiovascular disease and immune problems. By now various markers that may change with chronic stress, observed (as would be counted to the insulin, blood sugar, cholesterol, are the blood pressure and other), an index of allostatic load is calculated and used for the early detection of the responsible causes. "The strength of the model of allostatic load is its flexibility with respect to the observed values that change with chronic stress. Additional studies of saliva samples and validated questionnaires give us an opportunity on the susceptibility of organic systems also to obtain, information about the mental state of the injury, "said Juster.

The results of the first pilot study published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology appeared based on 30 patients , middle-aged. In addition to the routine tests of blood to the allostatic load calculation, the study participants were asked at home and collect saliva samples in the laboratory also. Likewise, they had to fill out a questionnaire about their current stress level as well as any depression and burnout symptoms.

The study is part of a larger project with the goal of personalized medicine in this area. Personalized medicine is ultimately to be able to offer a standard therapy in an individual to the needs of the individual cut version. "If We want to make progress in the person-centered therapy and prevention, we must know the bio-psychological study of specific diseases and signatures, "said Lupien. "For conditions such as burnout, it is where we have no generally accepted diagnostic criteria and which have a considerable overlap of symptoms with those of normal depression, it is essential to be able to apply multiple methods of analysis. One of the possible characteristics of a burnout syndrome seems to be a depletion of cortisol and dysregulation of physiological systems that interact with this stress hormone to be. "

burnout patients are often treated with antidepressant drugs, which lower the cortisol levels. If the cortisol level is reduced because of the burn already, such a regimen could be counter-productive. "The use is an index of allostatic load, the researchers and clinicians the ability to estimate how much chronic stress, the person examined is seriously affected. In the future we need to collect data of people over a longer period of time to find out if this specific profile of low cortisol levels and physiological dysregulation is actually typical of a burnout. If so, we are one step further, unter Druck stehenden Arbeitnehmern eine Hilfe anzubieten, bevor sie tatsächlich ausbrennen,“ meinte Juster.

Source: Swissestetix Blog

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Water-Assisted Liposuction for Body Contouring and Lipoharvesting

The recently in the Aesthetic Surgery Journal published study by Gordon H. Sasaki, MD FACS , from Pasadena, California:

Water-jet assisted liposuction (WAL) and subsequent fat transfer (J-AFT) has shown to be safe, effective and very gentle to patient and extracted fat alike. The harvested fat is of excellent quality directly after the extraction and does not require processing . No major complications were observed in this study.
Here some key study findings :

• 41 consecutive patients treated with body-jet® liposuction in office setting under local anesthesia
• Subgroups: 19 patients small and 22 patients moderate volume liposuction
• 23 patients received autologous fat transfer
• No processing of fat (washing or centrifuging) prior to transfer

Subjective data:

• General satisfaction with results at 6 months follow-up
• Pain assessment; very low average values (visual analog scale 0-10): intraoperative 1-2; postoperative day two, three 1-3

Lab data:

• Blood loss negligible (lipocrit <1%)
• Extracted fat cells 90% alive after one hour, 10% after 6-8 hours (trypan blue vital dye)
• Peak lidocaine plasma levels within 6-14 hours significantly below safe limit

Complications / adverse events :

• No revisions required
• No signs of lidocaine side effects or toxicity, or volume shift
• No local complications like infection, seroma formation, hematoma, blistering, dischromia, permanent nerve injury, or thrombosis
• About 3% (1 pat) developed nodularity within six weeks postop. Successfully treated with external ultrasound.
• Fat transfer: No adverse signs like papules, nodules or liquefied fat collections

Further reading on autologous fat transer (Weitere Info zum Thema Eigenfett ):

1. swissestetix blog entries on autologous fat transfer ( Blog Beiträge zum Thema Eigenfett )
2. swissestetix special internet site on autologous fat transfer (Website on own fat )
3. swissestetix YouTube movies on autologous fat transfer ( YouTube posts on own fat )

Water-Assisted Liposuction for Body Contouring and Lipoharvestin

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to cause light beverages suspected vascular disease

The consumption of light drinks, but not of normal sugar-containing beverages, was in a new cohort study of elderly participants for a significantly higher rate of heart attacks , strokes or do other forms of lethal vascular disease in context.

participants study who reported a daily consumption of light drinks (artificially sweetened drinks) had a 48% higher risk have a vascular injury with secondary disease within nine years to . These data were presented at the recent international congress of the American Stroke Association Hannah Gardener and colleagues at the University of Miami in Florida.

was interesting that for a less find frequent use as a daily did no such association. Neither seemed in this study normal sugary soda drinks affect the vascular risk.

give Despite this clear position data Gardener had some important limitations to their study . For example, imaging was unsatisfactory: the participants had to fill in a questionnaire, which only had one time to be answered to give their consumption of soda drink information. In addition, there has been no other study that would have found such a connection, because what Gardener also led to emphasize that with this one study is much too early, it give general dietary advice.

"only and really only when the results of our study can be confirmed, we say that light drinks are sugar-not the best alternative soda drinks that could be so in turn brought in several studies with some serious adverse effects on health related , "she said at a press conference.

Different to this study interviewed experts were also very cautious when the light drinks next major health risk present. Many thought the also study that could potentially be other factors that were not included in the study responsible for the higher risk . So did the study example, no data on total caloric intake per day, or to the composition of the foods that were consumed by the individual participants.

This is particularly important because it is known that many people who have bad eating habits, save the calories in beverages, while they lay in the other cases no restrictions on the day.

Gardener and her colleagues analyzed data of 2564 participants with a mean age of 69 years . The participants in the study are included in the large Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) , the people studied over 40 years, living in New York City.

According to a questionnaire which the participants had completed at inclusion in the NOMAS drank, 35% of the group no light drinks or at least not regularly. Only 24% by the participants said they regularly take to light drinking.

During the average follow-up found the researchers 559 vascular disease, of which 212 brain strokes, 149 heart attacks and 338 deaths were as a cause of other vascular diseases.

After the data were corrected for demographic, behavioral and other vascular risk facts, there is a link between vascular disease and daily consumption of light drinks but did not sugar-soda drinks.

Since group of participants that day were light drinks themselves, with 116, however, quite small and was because of the fact that the study could not detect any association between the consumption of sugary sodas and vascular diseases contrary to all other studies might have, the results of this study be taken with caution.

Gardener was aware of this fact as well and stressed that larger studies would confirm their results first, before definitive conclusions could be drawn about the risk of light drinks in relation to vascular disease. In particular, studies need new a comparatively younger age group with a greater consumption of light drinks would have the focus and the survey of dietary habits several times spread over the entire duration of the study . Done

Source: American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference
Gardener H, et al "soda consumption and risk of vascular events in the Northern Manhattan Study ASA 2011, Abstract P55

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E-cigarette: smoking cessation easy

A shows study, conducted by the Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) that electronic cigarette (e-cigarettes) are a promising medium, which smokers can get rid of their vices. The quit rates after six months, with the E-cigarette almost twice as high as comparable with any other nicotine replacement method.

In a study , the online is published in the journal American Journal of Preventive Medicine who report researchers the BUSPH that 31 percent of those surveyed six months after they first e cigarette purchased, had stopped smoking. E-cigarettes are battery-powered evaporation devices for nicotine, which run without tobacco. The average abstinence rate for traditional nicotine replacement products (nicotine patches or nicotine chewing gum) is between 12 and 18 percent.

"Our study can suspect that the e-cigarette thousands of ex-smokers helps to get away from the traditional tobacco cigarette, "said the lead author of the study , Michael Siegel, Professor of Health.

The researchers conducted an online survey by among 222 smokers who had bought the first e-cigarette from one of the leading providers of electronic cigarettes. Of those who were dependent at six months is no longer on the conventional tobacco cigarette, 34.3 percent reported that they would not use any nicotine replacement product more. Nearly 67 percent of respondents said the consumption of conventional cigarettes reduced to have after they had started with the e-cigarettes.

Despite the euphoria over this data needs to be a fundamental weakness of the study attention: of all the steamers which were to participate in the study invited, only 4.5 percent responded to the request. It is therefore possible that those who participated in the study rather were those who had stopped smoking, while those who continue to attack with conventional cigarettes, the survey stayed away. Despite this limitation, the authors believe that their study is the best to date evidence that electronic cigarettes can actually lead to smoking cessation.

Although it certainly needs more studies to explore the exact mechanism, so e-cigarettes are so successful in smoking cessation, Siegel believes that the physical simulation of the smoking process have a decisive influence could.

"We know that nicotine plays an important role in the development of addiction. But far too little has been studied, the behavioral aspects of the search process, "said Siegel. "These devices simulate the smoking process, which makes them clearly so successful."

Electronic cigarettes since their introduction more than three years extremely controversial issue. Various anti-smoking groups have argued that e-cigarettes therefore should not be sold because its effectiveness is in terms of smoking cessation is not yet proven. Several states in the U.S., including New York, will prohibit the sale of e-cigarettes.

"to take this product off the market would inevitably lead to many ex-smokers would return to conventional tobacco cigarette," Siegel said. "Such a step would be absolutely counter-productive and would materially and adversely affect the public health "

Source. swissestetix Blog

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Brain Research: Negative thinking also neutralize the strong medicines

Belief in success or failure of therapy influenced the effect is much stronger than previously thought. The researchers now show German .

A negative expectation itself can completely nullify the effect of strong drugs. The have found German scientists in a study in which they exposed volunteers pain and then tested the effect of a painkiller under different conditions.

Results: Did the subjects that them an analgesic was administered, increased the effect of the drug. Subjects were, however, believing that they would feel more pain after infusion than before was missing, not only the reinforcing effect, the analgesic even completely lost its effect.

This effect was also reflected in brain activity of subjects. The researchers now demanding that patients intense about their disease and the therapy should be advised to improve the therapeutic response. The researchers led by Ulrike Bingel report from the University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf in the journal "Science Translational Medicine.

sat Bingham's team 22 volunteers 21-40 years several times for a few seconds to a controlled heat stimulus. This caused for the individual subjects had a moderate to severe pain. Then the participants were given by infusion, remifentanil, a strong opioid painkiller.

In a first attempt did not want them an analgesic drug was administered, and therefore did not expect a lessening of pain. In the second test, researchers divided the the subjects with then that they were given a painkiller. And in a third experiment, they were led to believe, to receive no medication, although they the painkillers were administered. Some of the scientists said even that could be strengthened by the infusion of the pain.

Did the subjects anything about the painkiller, did this his work - the pain decreased significantly. This effect was even stronger if they were aware that they were given a pain-killer: the knowledge was enough for the administration to double the analgesic effect - even though the drug dose was the same.

whole situation was different, however, when the researchers said the patients, they would get no more drug and the pain could possibly increase: Although you without their knowledge, the analgesic was administered, pain intensity rose again up to the original value.

"The negative expectation and the fear of pain have destroyed the effect of the drug completely," says study leader Bingel. "The pain was in the subjects as much as they had received no medication at all."

parallel, researchers followed the the pain processing in the brains of volunteers using functional magnetic resonance imaging. "It showed the switching points of the pain-processing system that the personal expectation of the effect of Drug influence, "says the scientist. Did the subject of the effect of treatment, was the body's pain inhibitory system is activated, which enhances the analgesic effect of the drug.

The researcher advises that patients should be elucidated in future expand and improve their condition and treatment. "This will arouse positive and negative expectations can be avoided," said Bingham.

Source: BBC News

Brain Research: Negative thinking also neutralize the strong medicines

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New guidelines for evaluation of rare tumor after breast augmentation

As part of a recently performed statements of the American Drug Administration (Food and Drug Administration [FDA]) , which is an extremely rare tumor, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) in a possible link with could be breast enlargement, the American Society of Plastic Surgery (ASPS) new guidelines for evaluation of breast tumors, or swelling after breast enlargements published on its website. The article to be published in the June issue of the society's journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery appear.

The guidelines are relevant for specific additional diagnosis and management alternatives for the evaluation of a seroma after breast augmentation that could possibly be associated with ALCL, "writes Dr. John B. Tebbetts, a sculptor, who was involved in drafting the new guidelines.

Dr. Tebbetts presented in the guidelines to update the old guidelines for the diagnosis and management of seroma after breast augmentation . A seroma is encapsulated cavity filled with wound fluid and different can result types of operations. The update of the guidelines was necessary after two studies a strong accumulation of ALCL and other malignancies of the lymphatic system in women have found that previously had a breast enlargement performed with an implant. Based on these findings, the FDA has recently issued a warning that women , which can enlarge the breast with an implant, have a "very small but increased risk " for the development of ALCL .

The relationship of breast enlargement and ALCL for the surgeon is problematic because the symptoms of ALCL initially operated as a painful swelling in the breast may occur and differ so much from the symptoms of an ordinary seroma. Seromas are common complications after breast enlargements and absolutely no problem. Since the FDA warning both plastic surgeons and the patients for a meaningful process for evaluation and treatment of swelling or induration were searching for breast implants.

In developing the new guidelines, it was according to Dr. vorranging Tebbetts, "public awareness and vigilance for the possibility of an increase ALCL, if fluid retention six months or have to be clarified later in the context of a breast enlargement. "The guidelines consist of a set of alternatives that can be discussed with the patient in order and the aim is an ALCL exclude or confirm safe.

The guidelines therefore also help the patient to reduce their fears and an informed decision regarding diagnosis and treatment of any swelling to make. For each treatment option, from the needle biopsy to various forms of re-operation or even the expectant observation and the advantages and disadvantages and resulting risks are listed.

The guidelines are continuously brought up to date as new evidence on the relationship between ALCL and breast enlargement be known. The FDA has it joined forces with the ASPS, to create a common register in which all cases can be centrally collected and analyzed. Until the case and there is more light on the matter, says Dr. Tebbetts that the guidelines are an appropriate "interim summary of the alternatives" for the plastic surgeon or any other doctor who has to do with women, whose breasts enlarged were representing.

Source: swissestetix Blog

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survey provides conventional method for liposuction front

In recent years have come in the wake of the increasing popularity of liposuction various new methods for the removal of grease on the market. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery ( American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery [ASAPS] ) wanted to know from their members, which method they prefer and what they perceive as the safest. It came out surprisingly that the oldest method, the traditional liposuction unaided (suction-assisted lipectomy [SAL]) in more than half of the respondents ranked one of the most popular Vacuum aspiration is. Also very popular are the vibration liposuction (power-assisted liposuction [PAL]) and ultrasound-assisted liposuction (ultrasound-assisted liposuction [UAL]). At the lower end of the popularity scale are laser-assisted liposuction (laser-assisted liposuction [LAL]) and external, non-invasive devices such as external ultrasound (cavitation method) and laser The results of the survey were published in the February issue of the journal Aesthetic Surgery Journal .

"In an area that is developing so fast as the liposuction, it is essential that new methods and technologies to constant review to be carried out in order not to endanger the safety of our patients , "said Jamil Ahmad, the lead author of the publication. "Our survey clearly showed that the members of the ASAPS tend to prefer methods of liposuction, which have long been on the market and therefore well proven. In the future, of course this can also cause that we see a gradual shift to modern methods as soon as their proven efficacy and safety through greater studies and doctors in dealing are so familiar. "

The survey consisted of 17 questions about the liposuction and other techniques for fat removal. In addition, members were asked about their experiences with newer methods of fat removal and management of complications. The survey was sent to 1'713 members of the ASAPS, which responded 492 (28.7%).

The key findings from the survey were as follows:

1) Most respondents perform liposuction by 51-100 per year.

2) Most are currently running, or claimed experience with the SCA (92.7%), the UAL (59.6%) and PAL (44.7%) at. Have less experience ASAPS members of the LAL (12.8%), the Mesotherapy (5.7%) or with non-invasive methods (12.8%).

3) The popularity of the fat removal methods does the SAL with 51.4% of the vote as the winner. 2nd place goes to the PAL (23.0%) and 3rd place at the UAL (20.9%). Exhaustion, the LAL (3.9%) and non-invasive methods, with only 0.8% of the vote.

4) The respondents were of the opinion that the newer techniques, such as LAL or Mesotherapy , with a disproportionately higher risk of complications compared to conventional Techniques (SAL, PAL, UAL) were affected.

5) respondents believed that the patient mainly by marketing needs new methods, such as the LAL, preferred.

The survey also revealed a slight discomfort among physicians, an increasing number of colleagues without the necessary experience in the field of liposuction former. Such colleagues as well, so the opinions of respondents, for most complications of liposuction responsible.

"The opinion of our members is a very elegant way for us to identify new trends and find out how we can make both the techniques and methods for simplifying the patients and for doctors and safer, "said Felmont Eaves III, President of ASAPS. "Surveys like this are important to us, not only in terms of liposuction and other forms of fat removal, but in relation to all aspects of cosmetic surgery." Are

When liposuction or liposuction excess fat deposits from certain body zones away. It is the second most common aesthetic treatment in the U.S. annually, about 300,000 interventions.

Source: Swissestetix Blog

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re falsified weight reduction pills outstanding

The English licensing authority for medicines and health products ( Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency [MHRA] ) has again a given warning because of the weight reduction product " Herbal Flos Lonicera (Herbal Xenicol) Natural Weight Loss Formula "after laboratory tests had shown that extremely high amounts of formerly prescription drug sibutramine (Reductil ® ) contains.

sibutramine (Reductil ®) was the active ingredient of a diet pill that was in January 2010 in Europe and later in October 2010 in the United States because of security concerns from the market. In particular, the tablet was rumored to cardiovascular side effects that would partially can lead to serious consequences.

Herbal Flos Lonicera (Herbal Xenicol) Natural Weight Loss Formula is currently only distributed via the Internet and in some pharmacies for Traditional Chinese Medicine in England. Anyone who takes the product should stop immediately and to consult a doctor or pharmacist.

the ball rolling brought a concerned family doctor after one of his patients are hospitalized and several others had complained of a range of side effects. The information ranged from palpitations of severe gastritis and stomach pain to insomnia after taking the capsules.

Richard Woodfield, Head of the MHRA for guidelines on the use of herbal products, said: "Since 2005, the MHRA has more than 280 examples of so-called" discovered herbal "or" natural "products with an x-any amount of a potent pharmaceutical substance were added. Such products represent a great risk for the population; "

" These are exactly the cases that made it necessary have a registration for natural product introductions and has prompted the EU to adopt stricter controls on such products. People have to learn a right to take what exactly they are and to know that the product which they are taking to treat disease is a potentially worse can cause "

Source. swissestetix Blog

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What fats are actually doing in the body? to bring more money, more cosmetic surgery

It has become common knowledge that too much cholesterol in the blood is unhealthy and that you should look for in an diet on reducing the fat . The body can again but not without fat live, since fats have good side. But which?

triglycerides , cholesterol and essential fatty acids (the word "essential" means that the body that substance not produce can, but that he be fed through the food must) save isolate energy the body against cold and protect vital organs from being a force. Fats can also transmit messages and help in protein synthesis. Moreover, they are involved in a wide number of chemical reactions, immune functions meet, play an important role in reproduction and other aspects of human biology.

The fatty acid cycle, ie the breaking up, storage and mobilization of fat molecules is the core of the energy regulation of human and animal. An imbalance in any of the individual steps can lead to disease or other grievances. For example, a hereditary excess leads to triglycerides in the blood relatively quickly to heart attacks and stroke.

fats can also serve as storage. Will store fat example, a large amount of so-called fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).

fat but in spite of its significant quantity relatively unknown part of the body remained. This would explain, for one, not exactly, can be stored as fat and recalled. To get to this secret on the track, explores the biochemist, Estela Arrese, from Oklahoma State University the Triglyzeridmechanismus in nematodes, fruit flies and normal flies.

The main type of fat we eat, triglycerides, is particularly suited to store energy as triglycerides in chemical terms, can bind more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates or proteins.

Once the triglycerides are passed through the digestive process, they are on the bloodstream to the cells transported. Part of it is diverted to the same energy, while the main part is normally stored in the form of Fetttröpfen in the cell.

Does the cell energy now, so there are special enzymes called lipases, are used to free the fat from memory and provide the cell. The mitochondria, the actual energy factories inside cells transform the energy stored in fat in generally usable energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) .

Arrese work now lies in the individual proteins used in the absorption of fat be to identify and determine its exact role. Successful were they and their employees already in the discovery of the main fat -regulatory protein in insects, the TGL. Arrese also discovered how one of the most important proteins for the development of Fetttröpfen that Lsd1 and is currently working just on its sister, the LSD2.

The understanding of lipid metabolism is important not only for academic reasons. Arrese work could help us also in important questions about the emergence of various diseases such as diabetes, obesity or heart cardiovascular diseases. But before all can be the reality, need them, Arrese, nor "understand much more about fat metabolism."

Source: swissestetix Blog

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Light drinks suspected vascular disease

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgery ( The American Society of Plastic Surgeons [ASPS] ), the number of cosmetic surgeries in 2010 increased by five percent to just over 13 million. The most common procedures were breast augmentation, silicone implants, which make up now 60% of the market, rhinoplasty, eyelid surgery , liposuction and abdominoplasty .

The president of the ASPS, Dr. Phil Haeck said at the presentation of last year's figures : "There is a clear increase in the demand for cosmetic surgery. The people have held back in recent years something and put their financial situation in order. But all indicators are now back to green. People want more money to spend well auszuschauen. The financial markets are on a two-year high, car sales in the U.S. grew in the double-digit percentage range and the Increase in older persons in our society increases, so does the willingness to spend money on cosmetic procedures, not least to secure the job. "

The trend from last year could spill over into the new year. Global trade should win this year after a somewhat sleepy in 2010 picking up again and find out the global economy, at least officially from their valley, said a spokesman for the NYSE € Next last Tuesday.

One must not always under the knife to enhance his own image. The most common five non-surgical interventions in the past year also increased by five percent. The top-intervention were there Botox treatments , tissue filler injections with , chemical peels, laser hair removal and Mikrodermabrasio.

Botox was taken in the late 80s years of eye doctors in the medical and cosmetic world that used initially for treating disorders of the eye muscles. The American Drug Administration (FDA) has exhibited in the year 2002, the placet Botox for the treatment of moderate to severe frown lines. His popularity has since been unbroken. Botox has for many years the list of the top five non-surgical beauty treatments.

tissue injections with fillers (filler) has a similarly successful way behind, like Botox. With the introduction of hyaluronic acid-containing fillers began to conquer the resorbable fillers, which now comprises the majority of all filler. Resorbable fillers are applied quickly, with a high degree of safety and side effect rate is vanishingly small.

Nevertheless, you should consider a cosmetic surgical procedure well. Above all, it is important to note that many of the treatments with - associated loss of work - mostly very small indeed. Furthermore, the increase in the demand for cosmetic treatments also lead to a Increase in (often only poorly) trained doctors out, offering such treatments. It therefore also applies here to find the right person, so you can rest easy and enjoy the effects of cosmetic medicine.

Source: swissestetix Blog

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E-cigarettes::

The consumption of light drinks, but not of normal sugar-containing beverages, was in a new cohort study of elderly participants for a significantly higher rate of heart attacks, strokes or other forms of lethal vascular diseases as being related.

participants study, which reported a daily consumption of light drinks (artificially sweetened drinks) had a 48% higher risk have a vascular injury with secondary disease within nine years to . These data were presented at the recent international congress of the American Stroke Association Hannah Gardener and colleagues at the University of Miami in Florida.

was interesting that was not seen for a less frequent use as a daily no such association. Neither seemed in this study normal to influence sugary soda drinks the vessel risk.

give Despite this clear position data Gardener had some important limitations to their study . For example, imaging was unsatisfactory: the participants had to fill in a questionnaire, which only had one time to be answered to give their consumption of soda drink information. In addition, there has been no other study that would have found such a connection, because what Gardener also led to stress that it is far too early with this one study, it give general dietary advice.

"only and really only when the results can our study be confirmed, we say that light drinks are sugar-not the best alternative soda drinks that could be so in turn brought in several studies with some serious adverse effects on health related, "she said at a press conference.

Different to this study interviewed experts were also very cautious when the light drinks next major health risk present. Many said the study also that there may be other factors that were not included in the study for could be the higher risk responsible. So did the study example, no data on total caloric intake per day, or to the composition of the foods that were consumed by the individual participants.

This is particularly important because it is known that many people who have bad eating habits, save the calories in beverages, while they lay in the other cases no restrictions on the day.

Gardener and her colleagues analyzed data of 2564 participants with a mean age of 69 years . The participants in the study are included in the large Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) , the people studied over 40 years, living in New York City.

According to a questionnaire which the participants had completed at inclusion in the NOMAS drank, 35% of the group no light drinks or at least not regularly. Only 24% by the participants said they regularly take to light drinking.

During the average follow-up, the researchers found 559 vascular disease, of which 212 brain strokes, 149 heart attacks and 338 deaths were as a cause of other vascular diseases.

After data for demographic, behavioral and other vascular risk facts were correct, there is a link between vascular disease and daily consumption of light drinks but did not sugar-soda drinks.

Since group of participants that day were light drinks themselves, with 116, however, quite small and was because of the fact that the study could not detect any association between the consumption of sugary sodas and vascular diseases contrary to all other studies is need, the results of this study be taken with caution.

Gardener was this Fact as well as conscious and stressed that larger studies would confirm their results first, before definitive conclusions could be drawn about the risk of light drinks in relation to vascular disease. In particular, studies need new a comparatively younger age group with a greater consumption of light drinks would have the focus and the survey of dietary habits over time be spread over the entire duration of the study .

Source: American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference
Gardener H, et al "soda consumption and risk of vascular events in the Northern Manhattan Study ASA 2011; Abstract P55

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Under the Knife smoking cessation easy

A study, by the Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) was carried out shows that electronic cigarette (e-cigarettes) are a promising medium, which smokers can get rid of their vices. The quit rates after six months, with the E-cigarette is almost twice as high as comparable with any other nicotine replacement method.

In a study that published online in the journal American Journal of Preventive Medicine is, the researchers report the BUSPH that 31 percent of those surveyed six months after they first bought an e-cigarette, had stopped smoking. E-cigarettes are battery-powered evaporation devices for nicotine, which run without tobacco. The average abstinence rate for traditional nicotine replacement products (nicotine patches or nicotine chewing gum) is between 12 and 18 percent.

"Our study clearly suggests that the e-cigarette thousands of ex-smokers, it helps to get away from the traditional tobacco cigarette," said the lead author the study , Michael Siegel, Professor of Health.

The researchers conducted an online survey among 222 smokers who had bought the first e-cigarette from one of the leading providers of electronic cigarettes. Of those who were dependent at six months is no longer on the conventional tobacco cigarette, 34.3 percent reported that they would not use any nicotine replacement product more. Nearly 67 percent of respondents said they have reduced the consumption of conventional cigarettes after they had started with the e-cigarettes.

Despite the euphoria over this data must be a fundamental Weakness of the study are attention: of all the steamers which were to participate in the study invited responded, only 4.5 percent on the question. It is therefore possible that those who participated in the study rather were those who had stopped smoking, while those who continue to attack with conventional cigarettes, the survey stayed away. Despite this limitation, the authors believe that their study is the best evidence to date that e-cigarettes can actually lead to smoking cessation.

Although it is certainly more studies needs To appreciate the precise mechanism, so e-cigarettes are so successful in smoking cessation, Siegel believes that the physical simulation of the smoke process have a decisive influence could.

"We know that nicotine plays an important role in the development of addiction. But far too little has been studied, the behavioral aspects of the search process, "said Siegel. be "These devices simulate the smoking process, which makes them clearly so successful."

Electronic cigarettes since their introduction more than three years extremely controversial issue. Various Anti-smoking groups have argued that e-cigarettes therefore should not be sold because its effectiveness is in terms of smoking cessation is not yet proven. Several states in the U.S., including New York, will prohibit the sale of e-cigarettes.

"to take this product off the market would inevitably lead to many ex-smokers would return to conventional tobacco cigarette," Siegel said. "Such a step would be absolutely counter-productive and would materially adversely affect public health."

Source: swissestetix Blog

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controversy over homeopathy: Animal placebo effect

From Nina Weber

homeopathy is nonsense, its effect is based on imagination - the most scientists think long been proven. Their opponents have a favorite argument: homeopathy work also with children and animals, and could imagine nothing. This could be a mistake be.

On Saturday they did it again: Homeopathy's critics swallowed in the protests, "10:23" mass called globules. The entire contents of a tube full of homeopathic pills they took at once to himself, to prove: "There's nothing in it" - "There is nothing in it." No pharmacological agent, only lactose. Because one of the basic principles of homeopathy, the dilution is: The ingredients are sometimes diluted so that not a single drug molecule, mathematically more in the finished product is. Therefore, the demonstrators could feel safe, the overdose to survive without damage. Last year was take the action in the UK, this year they ran in six German cities.

The protest is an entertaining excrescence of a standing dispute: Did homeopathic remedies an effect that goes beyond the placebo effect? Placebos are dummy treatment with no active ingredient. They are administered in clinical studies to determine whether the tested, made real means a greater impact. The placebo effect can occur with any medical treatment - from doctors to call for surgery.

Numerous studies have the effect of homeopathic treatments studied - efficacy beyond the placebo effect has never been proved. Nevertheless, the debate about alleged cures of homeopathy even more numerous than the studies. And it is always an argument on the part of homeopathy's supporters: the methods work on small children and animals. With them but no placebo effect is possible: you could simply not understand that and how to help them seek treatment.

placebo effect in children than in adults

experts disagree. "The fact that homeopathy achieved in small children and animals, an effect that is not to argue that it has an effect beyond the placebo effect, "says Paul Enck, University Hospital Tübingen, one of the leading specialists in Germany placebo. "From the few data that one has to placebo effects in children, it is evident that he is greater even than in adults."

The amount of data in children is relatively small. In basic research on placebo effects, the subjects often mild pain may be added or nausea is triggered, the work forbids them. Also placebo-controlled studies the effect of drugs are significantly less likely to minors performed. Some investigations are still there. It appears as an analysis of several studies of epilepsy patients that the placebo effect in children and adolescents was significantly greater than in adults.

According to Enck, the effect is based on the expectations of the patients that treatment must be effective, as well as a conditioning: If the syringe has caused the last time that the pain has subsided, it will happen again this time. "This should work even better in children because they doubt less if it's true all that is because just telling them. If the doctors say or parents, that helps a little, then think it, "said Enck.

placebo effect in animals affected farmers being

Even with a treatment of a sick pet can placebo effects play a role that veterinarians believe. Although the data are not as good as in humans, the number of animals in experiments is often much smaller. But there are placebo-controlled, double-blind studies as in human medicine. "Double blind" means that neither patient nor doctor knows whether a placebo or a real drug is administered. In animal experiments, in addition, the owner left in the dark. should

In a study about Dog owners, the number of epileptic seizures of their sick animal for treatment documented. actually had the animals in the placebo group, fewer attacks than before . For another, of Oslo researchers study conducted on 80 dogs owners should assess if their suffering from hip dysplasia in animals suffering less pain - and confirmed that even in cases where the dog had received only the placebo.

is, however, in such studies often unclear whether the placebo effect in animals plays himself - or rather with the owner, whose behavior will cause the animal that it is better goes. "Whether an animal can bring to the treatment related to his medical condition should improve, I doubt it," Ernst Petzinger says of the Justus-Liebig University in Giessen. ". Therefore, it will not be able in the sense of healing heal by suggestion itself" It is more than conceivable that this effect is very sensitive, strongly contributes to the human imprinted pets well-being - especially dogs, in horses and possibly cats when increasing attention and affection is added by the pet owner.

Heidrun Potschka of the Veterinary Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, expressed similar: "The owners are concerned during or after medical therapy experiment with the animal, can improve what his condition." It is also possible that an owner believes perceive a change that do not exist - because he Expects to his pet better.

According Potschka animals, however, can be trained to a placebo effect: "If they get several times a pill or injection with an agent and then a placebo can, which really cause an effect." A dog, it could well bring in context that a tablet or injection disease symptoms alleviate. In some studies was even a similarly high placebo effect has been observed in human medicine.

The protesters, who gave on Saturday globules overdose should, however, be spared from any impact - they will simply not have the required faith.

Source: Spiegel Online

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